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48. Michaelowa Axel and Michael Dutschke. "Interest Groups and Efficient
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49. Russell Lee, James R. Kahn, Gregg Marland, Milton Russell, Kathryn Shallcross,
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50. Russell Lee, James R. Kahn, Gregg Marland, Milton Russell, Kathryn Shallcross,
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Section 6.3.2.
56. Independent auditors, or operational entities, are critical to most notions
of the structure of the CDM. It is important that all monitoring, measurements
and accounting be free of influence from parties with vested interests in
the outcome of any audit. These operational entities should perform third
party certifications. This would thus avoid conflict of interest.
57. Accurate monitoring and verification depend upon good accounting techniques
and procedures as well as solid baselines.
58. Michaelowa Axel and Michael Dutschke. "Interest Groups and Efficient
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Paper presented at the Second International Conference of the European
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Section 6.3.3.
59. Michaelowa Axel and Michael Dutschke. "Interest Groups and Efficient
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60. The Kyoto Protocol. Article 3.3. http://www.unfccc.de/fccc/docs/cop3/protocol.pdf
61. The Kyoto Protocol. http://www.unfccc.de/fccc/docs/cop3/protocol.pdf.,
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62. The additionality requirement refers to the condition that all carbon
emissions reduction measures including the increase of sinks must be additional
to any projects that would have happened in the absence of any emissions crediting
system. Thus, in order to receive credits, the nations must prove that the
project undertaken to reduce carbon emissions would not have happened regardless.
63. This debate revolves around several issues that permeate general discussions
of both the CDM and the inclusion of LUCF sector changes within the Protocol.
For the purposes of this analysis, however, we will focus on the issues that
directly link the LUCF sector and the CDM.
64. Stephen Ndore Mutimba. "Joint Implementation as a Technology Transfer
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72. The fact that the forests are clear-cut and then those lands reforested
suggest that at best the carbon emissions would directly offset each
other. However, in terms of climate change, the huge jump in carbon emissions
resulting from clear-cutting is vastly more detrimental to the environment.
The rapid regrowth of that same land can do very little in terms of mitigating
the effects of such a large dose of carbon into the atmosphere. This in conjunction
with the fact that those "reforestation offsets" are not being sold
in order to offset the original clear-cut, but rather to offset increased
emissions in another country or another sector. Finally, evidence suggests
that, in fact, the regrowth sink will never fully achieve the carbon absorption
of the original source.
73.
Espen Ronnenberg. Minister Counsellor Permanent Mission for the Republic of
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74. Espen Ronnenberg. Minister Counsellor Permanent Mission
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75. Compared to a range of uncertainty from 0 to 7% for
other forms of CDM projects and absolute certainty with domestic source reduction
efforts.
76. German Advisory Council on Global Change (GACGC). "The Accounting
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77. Russell Lee, James R. Kahn, Gregg Marland, Milton Russell, Kathryn Shallcross,
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78. Russell Lee, James R. Kahn, Gregg Marland, Milton Russell, Kathryn Shallcross,
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89. Even though a third of the Senate faced election contests in 1998, only
eight seats actually changed hands. Five change-overs were due to retirement
or election to another office, with no net gain or loss for either party,
while three incumbents fought losing battles in hotly contested elections,
resulting in a small, but significant party shift. Carol Mosley-Braun (D-IL)
lost her seat to a Republican. However, two Republicans, Al D’Amato (R-NY)
and Dan Faircloth (R-NC), both lost their seats to Democrats. Hence, there
was an overall net gain of one seat by the Democrats. Even though they still
face a Republican majority in the Senate, the Democrats are in a much better
position, especially since the expectations of the Republican leadership far
exceeded the actual outcome of the 1998 midterm elections.
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104. Yellen, Janet. Statement on the Economics of the Kyoto Protocol
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105. WWF Press Release. October 20, 1998.
106. WWF Press Release. October 20, 1998.
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